 |
| (Fort Worth Daily Gazette. December 26, 1885) |
Murder and mayhem permeated the air that year as Austin, Texas, saw an outbreak of violence unlike any before.
Much of the rage was directed at servant girls
as mobs of black and white males broke into homes and attempted to rob and rape
them. Some girls got shot, some were beaten, and eight people lost their lives.
In May 1885, a still unknown author, William
Sydney Porter (O. Henry), coined the term Servant Girl Annihilator’ in a letter
to a friend. “Town is fearfully dull,” he wrote, “except for the frequent raids
of the Servant Girl Annihilator, who make things lively during the dead of the
night. If it were not for them, items of interest would be very scarce.” If the
murders bothered him, Porter did not
elaborate.
Mollie
Smith
Mollie Smith, a colored servant girl at the
home of W. K. Hall, became the first victim on December 30, 1884. Though
unmarried, she lived as man and wife with Walter Spencer.
Chalmers took one look at the blood-spattered
man and sent him off to see a doctor.
 |
| William Sydney Porter (O. Henry) called the killer the Servant Girl Annihilator |
The following day, one of the household servants found Mollie’s partially nude body concealed in the weeds behind a small outhouse in the backyard with a “horrible hole” in the side of her head.
The bedroom showed signs of a fierce struggle. An axe lay beside the bed. The
question, said the Austin Daily Statesman, was, “Who used it?”
Was the killer Walter Spencer, the man she
lived with, or William Brooks, a former lover?
Spencer told reporters he did not know what
happened. Before they went to bed, Mollie complained about being sick. The next
thing he remembered was waking up hurt and scurrying off to find a doctor.
“I don’t know who did it,” said Spencer.
“Anyone could have gone into the room easily through the door, connecting it
with the kitchen.”
Brooks said he went to a ball that night, and
his story checked out. He was there, but there was some confusion about when he
left.
The coroner’s inquest dragged on for four days
and seemed to blame William Brooks. Eventually, he was cleared, and attention
turned to Walter Spencer.
A grand jury indicted 23-year-old Walter
Spencer on November 11. Detectives suspected Spencer flew into a fit of rage,
struck the girl with an ax, then dragged her into the backyard.
A jury acquitted him after a brief trial in
December. Spencer’s injuries convinced them he was a victim rather than the
attacker.
Eliza Shelley
Two months later, a servant girl was
brutally assaulted while sleeping on East Hickory Street. A white man hovered
over her as she woke and demanded, “Her money or her life.” He bashed her on
the head with a stone when she screamed and ran out the door before help
arrived.
The attacks continued.
In late March, the Austin Weekly Statesman
suggested an organized band of thugs was attacking and assaulting servant
girls. They urged the citizens to “wipe the ruffians out and put a stop to
their wicked work.”
The marauders attacked Clara and Christine, two
Swedish servant girls who worked at the home of J. H. Pope. Someone knocked at
their door around 1 a.m. on the night of March 26.
The next thing they knew, a shot was fired
through the window. Clara took a bullet in the neck. She ran out the door
screaming and landed in the arms of the attacker. Her screams woke the family,
but the attacker was gone when they arrived.
A second shot tore through the kitchen window
at about that same time, striking Christine between the shoulder blade and
spinal column.
 |
| Fort Worth Daily Gazette. December 26, 1885. |
Later that night, someone broke into the Ella Rust residence on East College Avenue. The colored servant girl grabbed a gun as she heard the glass crack and started blasting away.
Several other homes were invaded that night,
including the residence of County Attorney Morris and Colonel Rutherford. No
one was hurt, but the situation could have gone the other way just as quickly.
By May 6, the attacks were old news.
“It is the same old story,” the Austin
Weekly Statesman reported. “The room of a servant girl or cook entered at a
late hour of the night, a pistol or razor presented, screams, threats of
killing, more screams, the master of the house aroused in time to see the
ruffian run away, and prolonged screams.”
A “big black fellow” invaded the home of R. W.
Finlay that night and went to the cook’s room. Finlay heard the girl’s screams
and scared the man away before she was harmed. No sooner had Finlay gone to bed
than the man came back, and the scene replayed.
Similar attempts were made at Mr. Donnan’s home
on Lavacca Street and J. M. Brackenridge’s residence on West Mesquite.
Brackenridge found his elderly cook struggling with a burly black man and
chased him off. Further down the street, criminals invaded the homes of J. H.
Robinson and James D. Sheets.
The Statesman suggested that the
citizens of Austin form a vigilance commission to protect themselves, since the
police couldn’t. “Any man caught out after midnight, who couldn’t give a
satisfactory account of himself [should] be treated in a way that would forever
encourage him from prowling around in the dark at unreasonable hours.”
The next day, May 7, a second servant girl was
murdered. Eliza Shelley, a colored cook at Dr. L. B. Johnson’s home, lived in a
small cabin behind the residence with her three young children.
Dr. Johnson saw a “most ghastly sight” when he
entered Shelley’s home. She lay on the floor, “quite dead with a gaping wound
over her right eye.”
Johnson was unsure, but thought the wound had
been made with a hatchet. The killer used a smaller weapon to punch holes over
her ears and between her eyes. Before he left, the killer laid the body out on a patchwork of quilts
and covered it with the bedding.
Eliza’s three children slept in the same bed
but remained unmolested.
“A man came in the room,” said the
eight-year-old, “and asked me where my mother kept her money. I told him I
didn’t know. He told me to cover my head. If I didn’t, he would kill me.”
The boy said he knew nothing had happened to
his mother and fell back to sleep. The next morning, he woke up to find her
slaughtered body.
The only clue left behind was a set of prints
from a barefooted man leading up the alley to Eliza’s room and back. The
newspaper account said they were “short and broad.” Later, it would come out
that one foot had only four toes. The police withheld several clues during the
investigation, thinking they would hinder progress in the case.
Deputy Sheriff John Holmes quickly arrested
Andrew Williams, a half-witted colored boy who lived nearby. The only evidence
against him was that he was barefooted, but that was enough in the uneasy days
following the murders. As expected, the case against him went nowhere.
Mollie Smith's body was found behind the outhouse
A week later, detectives arrested Ike Plummer, a “tall, ungainly, ill-kempt negro,” who appeared more like an idiot than a brute. Plummer had had an off-and-on relationship with Eliza Shelley for the past year.
A witness said he heard Plummer arguing with
Shelley over money the day before she was killed. As he left, Plummer told the
girl, “I’ll see you again if I live...” He had what looked like a hammer or
hatchet in his pocket.
The Austin Daily Statesman warned
readers about “demons in human form that lurk amidst us, singling out by day
victims for the midnight slaughter.”
Much of the blame for the crime spree focused
on the incompetence of the local police force.
“Where are the police?” asked the paper.
City Marshal Lee tried to answer that question.
For the police, patrolling the city proved an
impossible task. Austin had a population of 17,000 citizens and a police force
of twelve men. Two men worked the office covering twelve-hour shifts, and five
patrolled the streets, again working twelve-hour shifts.
City Marshal Lee told reporters the force
needed one officer for every 500 persons, or 34 patrolmen to be effective. He
blamed the police force’s inability to catch the Servant Girl Murderer on the
police force’s inadequate size. All he could say was that he “tried” to do the
best he could with his resources.
Irene
Cross
“Last night, the fiends were on their rounds,”
reported the Statesman. Someone tried to force their way into a white
woman’s home on Water Street, but her screams scared them away. Policeman
Connors got off a shot at a man who tried to break into a house in the 8th
Ward.
After midnight, the fiend entered Irene Cross’s
quarters in Mrs. Whitman’s yard. Her nephew slept in one room, and Cross and
her son slept in another.
The intruder slashed her arm and head with a
knife or razor. Policeman Brown could not believe the carnage. “The woman’s
right arm was nearly cut in two.” A cut circled her head, making it look like
the attacker intended to scalp her.
Irene was still alive, but moaning in pain. Her
nephew told reporters the intruder was “a big, chunky negro man, barefooted and
with his pants rolled up.” He saw a pocketknife in his hand.
Irene Cross died two days later.
A week later, Jane Coleman, a colored servant
girl, was shot while lying in bed near her bedroom window. The bullet pierced
her left arm between her wrist and elbow and went into her breast. The wound
was “painful, but not fatal.”
That same night, a ruffian tossed a rock
through the window of a colored servant girl at Major Joe Steward’s home on
Whitis Avenue. A man of color living in the house gave chase, exchanging shots
with no effect.
Less than an hour later, someone broke into a
servant girl’s quarters at Mrs. Finnin’s home on West Pine Street. Strangely,
he stole nearly all her possessions but did not attack her.
Mary
Ramey
Sunday, September 1, 1885, brought a new
victim.
The killer crept into Rebecca Ramey’s room,
knocked her out, and carried her eleven-year-old daughter, Mary, into the
washroom, where he raped and killed her. The girl had an iron pin driven
through both ears, piercing her brain.
Rebecca said she was asleep when the attack
occurred and remembered nothing until the doctors roused her.
 |
| A Swedish servant girl named Christine was shot in the neck while working in the kitchen |
Detectives followed the hounds to Mr. Evans’ stable, where they found a man of color named Tom Allen. His feet fit the footprints found at the murder scene to “a hair,” and he could not account for his whereabouts, so detectives arrested him.
Dr. Burt examined Allen and determined he did
not rape the girl, but that was not enough to get him off the hook.
If Allen were found guilty, reporters suspected
he would “probably be strung up without resort to judge or jury.” He was later
released.
Orange
Washington and Gracie Vance
Before the month was over, the Servant Girl
Murderer would claim two more victims—Orange Washington, a man of color, and
his mulatto girlfriend, Gracie Vance. Two other girls, Lucinda Boddy and Patsy
Gibson, escaped but suffered life-threatening injuries.
Major Dunham, the owner of the home, heard a
woman’s scream at around 1 a.m. He grabbed his gun and ran out the door to see
Lucinda Boddy fighting with a man near the front gate. When the girl saw
Dunham, she ran to him and threw her arms around him, screaming, “We are all
killed, and Doc Woods did it.”
Mr. Duff, a neighbor, and Officer Connell fired
at the shadows, but all they accomplished was kicking up some dust.
The attacker dragged Gracie Vance out a window,
over a fence, and nearly seventy-five feet away, where he raped her. Then he
beat her to death with a rock. Newspaper accounts said, “Her head (was) almost
beaten into a jelly.”
Orange Washington was still alive, but
insensible. The attacker had torn the top of his head apart. Patsy Gibson lay
on the floor near him, covered in blood. She was alive, but in a daze from her
injuries.
Lucinda testified at the inquest that the
attacker was a negro—possibly Doc Woods. Although she did not see his face, she
recognized his voice.
Officers apprehended Doc Woods and took him to
the county jail shortly after. A bundle of clothes, including a bloody shirt,
was found nearby.
“That settled it,” reported the Austin Daily
Statesman.
The coroner’s inquest agreed. Their verdict
said Gracie Vance “came to her death by injuries inflicted upon her person, by
some instrument in the hands of Doc Woods.”
Later that day, patrolmen arrested Oliver
Townsend, the “notorious black chicken thief,” and Beverly Overton. Meanwhile,
the Pinkerton and Noble Detective Agencies worked up the case against Woods and
Townsend.
Captain Hennessy of the Noble Detective Agency
said there was no doubt that Woods and Townsend committed the crime. They
planned the murder Sunday within the hearing of a negro man. Like Lucinda
Boddy, he heard their voices but did not see their faces.
The man told detectives he watched the two men
enter the cabin. When the commotion started, he beat it out of there.
Lucinda told Justice Parnell she saw Doc Woods
outside the window that night. He shouted at her, “Put down that light, goddamn
you, or I’ll kill you.”
She dropped the light and ran out the door.
Before she left, she saw the bloody bodies of Patsy and Orange.
“She swore positively that Doc was there. She
saw him plainly [and] was well acquainted with him and could not be mistaken.”
Johnson Trigg said he overheard Oliver Townsend
talking to a man on Colorado and Pecan Streets. Townsend said he “was going to
kill Gracie Vance.” When the other man said he would be caught up in it,
Townsend replied, “I have been killing them, and I have not been caught up with
yet.”
A servant girl was attacked in her room
Was that a confession to the Servant Girl Murders?
Trigg added that before Rebecca Ramey was
attacked and her daughter, Mary, was killed, he saw Oliver Townsend at the
Black Elephant Saloon. He bragged that he was “going to kill her.”
She was murdered later that night.
That made it sound like a home run. Lucinda Boddy identified Doc
Woods as the killer, and Trigg fingered Oliver Townsend.
Except—Trigg later admitted he made it all up.
He never heard Oliver Townsend say he would
kill Rebecca Ramey or Gracie Vance. Trigg received a five-year sentence for
perjury.
The evidence against Doc Woods fell apart just as quickly. It turned out the bloody shirt that almost got him
strung up resulted from an old Syphilitic infection, not the recent attack.
The police released Beverly Overton shortly
after his arrest. He was in the area, tracking down a lost horse.
Sue
Hancock and Eula Philipps
On September 30, 1885, the Austin Daily
Statesman told its readers: “It seems to be very generally understood that
there is no danger of attempts of this kind being made on the white
population.”
The San Antonio Express agreed. “The
fact that the victims are almost exclusively confined to servant girls of the
colored race is adduced that the outrager and murderer belongs to the lower
ledges of society,” said the paper. “Probably a negro, certainly a man of
unorganized intellect and debased nature.”
Christmas Eve, 1885, proved how wrong they
were. The Servant Girl Murderer killed two white women, Sue Hancock and Eula
Phillips, within one hour.
City Marshal Lucy was talking with a
reporter from the Statesman when a watchman came running up, screaming.
A “woman has been chopped all to pieces down on East Walter Street.”
Sue Hancock, age 40, was still alive when
they got there but in excruciating pain. She was bleeding from both ears and
the mouth.
Her husband, William Hancock, said a noise
woke him up. He ran to his wife’s room and saw blood everywhere. He followed
the trail of blood out the back door, where he found his wife lying in a pool
of blood. Hancock called out to his neighbor, Mr. Percinger, for help, then
carried his wife into the house.
Not long after that, a report came in of an
attack at the Phillips’ house. Police officers found James Phillips in bed with
a deep wound on his head, just above the ear. A bloody ax lay next to the bed.
His wife was missing, and his son lay beside
him—alive but covered in blood.
Officers followed a blood trail to the water closet in the backyard, where Sue Phillips lay on the ground, bloody and naked. A piece of wood lay across her arms and chest. The paper would not say how it was used, but hinted it was “used for the most hellish and damnable of purposes.”
Shots rang through the window in the middle of the night
From the body’s position and how the arms were held down with timber, detectives assumed two attackers committed the crime.
The murderer stuck a sharp instrument in Sue
Hancock’s right ear that penetrated two or more inches into her brain.
Detectives arrested Oliver Townsend and Doc
Woods again after the murders of Eula Phillips and Sue Hancock.
Mike Hennessy of the Noble Detective Agency
blamed the string of murders on the grand jury. “I took Doc Woods before Gracie
Vance, and she identified him instantly. She said, ‘I know you, Doc. What did
you try to kill me for? I never did anything to you.’
“The grand jury of Travis County, for some reason
satisfactory I suppose to itself, failed to indict either Doc Woods or the
balance of his gang.”
It did not surprise him that during the three
months they were locked up, “the women of the capital of Texas slept secure
from the ravishing murderous attacks of the thugs.”
Hennessy named the gang members arrested as Doc
Woods, Glenn Drummer, Oliver Townsend, and Alleck Mack. Another gang member,
John Gray, escaped and was later arrested in San Antonio. While drunk, he
boasted that he, Doc Woods, and several other men “had done the work of blood
and rape in Austin.”
Hennessy was sure that the grand jury would
quickly indict them this time, followed by a speedy hanging. He was wrong.
Although doctors remained unsure whether James Phillips would
survive the attack, detectives arrested him on New Year’s Day. They charged him
with the murder of his wife.
The San Antonio Express did not take the charge seriously.
“James Phillips, Jr. is not believed outside the proceedings of the jury of
inquest to be guilty,” said the paper. He was “too drunk to have accomplished
such a thing.” Besides, his injuries seemed to “preclude his guilt.”
Moses Hancock got arrested on January 27, 1886, for the
murder of his wife. It was rumored that he had threatened to kill his wife on
more than one occasion.
The couple moved to Austin from San Antonio two years ago. Before
leaving, Sue Hancock told the priest she was worried her husband might kill
her. She told her sister she had been sleeping in her daughter’s room because
she feared her husband would kill her some night.
City Marshal Luke Moore of Waco would not discuss the evidence
against Hancock. However, he said, “After careful and unprejudiced
consideration, I believe Hancock murdered his wife.” He did not believe any of
the talk about lunatics committing the Austin murders. Different individuals
committed them, explained Moore, “and in each case, they were prompted by lust,
jealousy, or hatred.”
Home owners armed themselves and fought back
The state dismissed the case against Hancock in early February because of insufficient evidence. They acknowledged he threatened to harm his wife, but there was no evidence that he killed her.
The
Suspects
Over the years, investigators have tied the
Servant Girl Murders to Jack the Ripper’s crime spree in Whitechapel, similar
murders in Nicaragua, or elsewhere in Europe or America, but 135 years later,
the killings remain unsolved.
Was James Maybrick the Servant Girl Murderer
and Jack the Ripper? Shirley Harrison pointed the finger at him in her book, Jack
the Ripper: The American Connection.
Nicole Krizak believed the killer was Francis
Tumblety. The man many people suspected was Jack the Ripper. According to
Krizak, Tumblety’s whereabouts in 1884 and 1885 were unknown. Perhaps he
learned his trade in Austin before heading to fame as the notorious Whitechapel
killer.
Tumblety was an international man of mystery
who crisscrossed the United States, Canada, and Europe. He wore expensive
clothes and sported fancy jewelry—anything to draw attention to himself. As he
got older, he became a spectacle—painting his face and dyeing his hair and
mustache.
Women were attracted to him, but he disliked
them. Friends said he hated women, possibly because he found his wife working
in a house of prostitution. He called them “cattle” and said, “he would sooner
give you a dose of quick poison than take you into such danger.”
“Not one [person] has a kind word to say for
the strange creature,” reported the New York World, “but from those most
intimate come rumors...”
“Tumblety would do almost anything under heaven
for notoriety,” said Colonel C. A. Dunham.
He said he died once after being thrown from a
horse. Friends “carried [him] home for dead,” and he lay there in the mourning
room for three days until he was brought to life by the undertaker, trying to
saw his legs off to fit him in the coffin.
Most people who knew him scoffed at his medical
skills. They considered him a “quack doctor” and “malpractitioner” who earned
his fortune hawking his Tumblety Pimple Destroyer.
A friend posted £300 and bailed Tumblety out
when Scotland Yard suspected him of being Jack the Ripper. Tumblety skipped the
country on the steamer La Bretagne and landed in New York on December 2. After
that, he disappeared into the city’s underbelly. He turned up again in
Washington, DC, in 1890.
The Cincinnati Enquirer explained
Tumblety “had the misfortune to be accused and arrested by the astute London
police for the still undiscovered Whitechapel tragedies. The doctor,” they
said, “looked like someone else who was believed to be the man who carved up so
many unfortunate women.”
Citizens form vigilance groups to stop the Servant Girl Murderer
Unfortunately, there was no evidence to tie him to the Servant Girl Murders. Tumblety spent most of his time in the United States in New York, Washington, and St. Louis.
Or was the killer Maurice a young Malayan cook
who worked at the Pearl House Hotel? He sailed for England in January 1886,
just after the Servant Girl Murders stopped. He was missing a toe, which
matched the footprints found at several of the murder scenes. Did his missing
toe make him the murderer? And Jack the Ripper?
Many people thought so.
In 1889, the Austin American-Statesman
linked the murders to several similar crimes in Managua, Nicaragua. “Does it
not seem possible,” said the paper, “that one and the same person. Some
wandering, bloody demon who seems to vanish with supernatural skill after
finishing his dreadful tasks. Maybe he is the author of some of the Austin
homicides, the Whitechapel butcheries, and the Central American
assassinations?”
The History Detectives blamed Nathan Elgin; a nineteen-year-old black
cook shot by the police in February 1886.
Nathan Elgin
Policeman John Bracken shot Nathan Elgin, a
man of color, after midnight on February 10, 1886, outside Dick Roger’s Saloon
in the Masontown part of Austin. Elgin, a cook there, beat a colored girl named
Julia, then dragged her two blocks to the home of his wife, Bessie Elgin.
A shot rang out while Officer Bracken,
Claibe Hawkins, and Dick Rogers tried to rescue the girl. Bracken got off
a shot and hit Elgin in the spine. He died two days later after several botched
surgeries.
Elgin’s death would have been just a minor
footnote in history, except one of his feet was missing a little toe. That led
detectives to suspect he may have murdered Mary Ramey. The footprint they found
near the house was missing a little toe.
Two days after the shooting, the Austin
Daily Statesman reported “a sensational rumor set afloat...connecting
[Elgin] with all sorts of crimes...and the murders of last year.” The reporter
quickly dismissed the idea but hinted he was working on a “startling clue” that
would be made known at the “proper time.”
A brief paragraph in the Austin Daily
Statesman summed up the case against Nathan Elgin:
Sheriff Hornsby testified
that since the death of the colored man, Elgin, and the sending to prison of
Oliver Townsend, there had been no mysterious murders in the city. He took a
plaster cast of Elgin’s foot after his death, and one toe was missing. His foot
corresponded with a bloody track he examined on the Phillips’ porch the morning
after her murder.”
That paragraph set off a century and a half
of speculation that Elgin was the Servant Girl Murderer.
Husbands Tried
James Philips was tried in early February.
Like Moses Hancock, his relationship with his wife was troubled. His mother
testified on the night of the murder, James asked if his wife was dead. When
told that she was, he said, “Then I’ll go to hell.”
Several witnesses testified Eula Phillips
had cheated on her husband with several men. She met some at their homes and
others at Fanny Whipple’s assignation house on Red River Street.
She went to Mary Tobin’s assignation house
at 11 p.m. on the night she was murdered but did not go in. Another woman
testified she saw Eula Phillips in bed with other men on two occasions. So,
James Phillips had ample motivation for murdering his wife.
His mother testified that “blood tracks
marked a line from her son’s room through the two little passages out into
the yard, where the body of Mrs. Eula Phillips was found.”
Perhaps the most critical evidence in
Phillips’s favor was that his footprints did not match the killer’s bloody
tracks. Still, the jury found James Phillips guilty of murder in the second
degree. It sentenced him to seven years in the penitentiary. In November, the
appeals court reversed his conviction and ordered a new trial.
Within a week of Phillips’ conviction,
detectives rearrested Moses Hancock and charged him with murdering his wife. The
Austin Daily Statesman described the evidence against him as a “mass of
confused rubbish of no incriminating importance.”
Moses Hancock was tried in June 1887. Like
the Phillips case, the testimony was “interesting,” but the witnesses’
statements were “distressing and conflicting.”
Tom Glass, a next-door neighbor, testified
that Sue Hancock asked him to take her husband away on the night she died
because “he had threatened to kill her,” but Mr. Hancock would not go.
The jury could not agree on a verdict. Six
stood for acquittal and six for conviction, so the judge dismissed them.
More people would have been arrested for the
Servant Girl Murders, but the killer was never found. Like his crimes, he
slipped away undiscovered in the middle of the night.
In the commotion over the
Hancock and Philips murders, the brutal killing of eight-year-old Claude Eanes
at Clarksville—two miles west of Austin—went virtually unnoticed.
His father, Hugh Eanes,
was poisoned by “parties unknown” on August 30, 1885. His mother, Mollie Eanes,
tried to give the boy away all summer but could find no takers. His sister,
Dollie, went missing ten days before Claude’s body was found. Mollie said she
gave her away to a teacher’s family when asked what happened to her. The day
before Claude disappeared, she told neighbors she gave him to a family living
at Lampasas.
Claude’s body was found
in Mollie’s backyard on December 26. It had been buried in a shallow grave, but
“the hogs had exhumed,” it. “The head was torn from the body, and the skull had
been crushed with some heavy weapon. The swine had eaten both of the arms and
shoulders.”
Detectives found a pillow
splattered with blood and brains and a bloody pickax inside the house.
Mollie was arrested in San Antonio a few days later and tried for the murder of
her son.
She received twenty-five years in the
penitentiary.
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