Meet the James-Younger gang

Jesse James

The James-Younger Gang was fluid, changing with the needs of the job and who was available. The core members of the original gang were Jesse and Frank James, Cole Younger, Arthur McCoy, Clell Miller, and Bill Chadwell, men battle-hardened in the Civil War. Most of them had joined Bloody Bill Anderson or William Clarke Quantrill in their teens and had taken part in the raids on Lawrence and Centralia, Kansas.

Jesse James was the face of the gang. He was tall, thin, wiry, good-looking, and craved publicity. Jesse had sandy-brown hair (some said reddish), a big, bushy beard, and steely-blue eyes that could cut you to the core. His brother, Frank James, stood an inch or two taller than Jesse, was quiet, reserved, and preferred to stay out of the limelight.

 

Most people go back and forth, deciding which brother ran the gang. Some credit Frank as the genius behind it, carefully planning their every move. Others, like J. T. Buell, an early authority on western outlaws, called Jesse the “administrative leader,” saying he managed its finances, carried out its diplomacy, and devised its strategies.

 

Others say Cole Younger was the leader, at least when Jesse and Frank rode with him. Cole was a meticulous planner and thought out every move he made, and unlike Jesse James, Cole Younger had a heart. He “hated murder,” said The Kansas City Times, “and yet he killed ruthlessly,” doing what was right at the moment. In short, Cole lived by his own code of ethics.

In modern-day parlance, Cole Younger was a biker type. He was big and burly, not one to be messed with. When he rode with the James boys, Cole stood just over six feet two and weighed 180 pounds, all muscle. Twenty-five years later, Cole had bulked up to a muscular 250 pounds when he walked out of the Stillwater Penitentiary.

 

The Younger brothers were unlikely criminals. They grew up in a good Christian home. Their father, Judge Henry W. Younger, was one of the wealthiest men in Cass and Jackson Counties in Missouri. He owned a large farm ten miles south of Independence in Jackson County that Cole valued at over $100,000 (just over $3 million today).

 

Henry Younger supported the Union at the start of the war, but that didn’t protect him when Kansas Jayhawkers invaded the state. They looked at everyone as fair game. Early in 1861, Jennison’s Jayhawkers stole forty horses and burned three of Younger’s buildings, prompting him to move his family to Harrisonville in Cass County.

 

The Jayhawkers found sixteen-year-old Cole Younger there, tried him for treason, and sentenced him to hang the following morning. He escaped and joined Quantrill’s raiders. And then, Cole’s father was killed on July 20, 1862, while traveling home from Kansas City.

 

On another raid, the Jayhawkers chased Jim Younger, 14, into the brush, firing after him as he ran. Two of Cole’s sisters were taken prisoner, and his mother was forced to set fire to her home. Bursheba Younger moved her family to Lafayette County, but the raiders followed her, destroying more of her property.

 

The raiders returned after the war ended to take vengeance on the Youngers. When they didn’t find Cole and Jim, the men dragged John Younger into the barn, threw a rope over a beam, tied a noose around his neck, and let him dangle in the air until he was unconscious. Then they lowered him to the ground. When John came to, they beat, kicked, and poked him with their sabers. Afterward, they dragged him into the fields and left him for dead.

 

The next day, John Younger crawled home, more dead than alive. His mother died shortly after that, and the boys moved to Texas, hoping for better luck. They ranched, drove cattle, and worked the land, but couldn’t escape their bushwhacker past.

Cole Younger

Cole was twenty-two when the war ended. He’d ridden with Quantrill and served under General Joe Shelby. After they turned outlaws, the brother’s fame took on a life of its own. They were blamed for every two-bit robbery over a ten-state area, even if the logistics were impossible.

 

In a 1901 interview, Cole explained that their years fighting with Quantrill and General Joe Shelby earned the boys a reputation they didn’t deserve. Then, when the war ended, they found themselves outlaws.

 

“We could not lay down our arms and return to our farm as other men could,” explained Cole. “The war had not ended for us.” Western Missouri was in a chaotic state where people were still fighting, and his family was public enemy number one.

 

Like Jesse James, Cole Younger wrote letters to the press, denying his guilt. An 1874 letter published in the St. Louis Post-Dispatch supposedly alibied the brothers for all the robberies they were accused of.

 

Cole provided a detailed list of his and his brother’s whereabouts at the time most of the robberies attributed to them were committed. And then, in a strange turn, he blamed his current predicament on Jesse James.

 

“My name would never have been connected with the affair [Kansas City Fairgrounds robbery], had not Jesse W. James, for some cause best known to himself, published in The Kansas City Times a letter stating that John, myself, and he were accused of the robbery. Where he got his authority, I don’t know; but one thing I know—he had none from me. We were not on good terms at the time, nor haven’t been for several years.”

 

He blamed that letter for connecting his and his brother’s names with the James brothers. As for Arthur McCoy, he knew him during the war but hadn’t seen him since.

 

In November 1876, Jim, Bob, and Cole Younger were tried in Faribault, Minnesota, for their part in the Northfield, Minnesota, bank raid. They pled guilty and were sentenced to life in the Stillwater Penitentiary. Cole took the sentence in stride, saying, “He had seen pretty nearly all the world and was ready to retire to private life.”

 

And it’s true. Life threw Cole Younger many curves. For the most part, he rolled with them. His parents wanted him to be a minister, but the war made him an outlaw and a killer. One minute he was joking and having fun with the boys. The next, he was fingering the trigger of his Navy Colt.

 

Cole admitted doing bad things and didn’t mind being blamed for them, but the things he didn’t do but was accused of bothered him. There was no escaping the notoriety that had attached itself to his family.

 

In his later years, Cole went on the lecture circuit, talking about his exploits in the war and his time in jail. Every lecture ended with the same words: “Crime does not pay.”

 

Strangely, Cole never implicated the James brothers in the Northfield raid, even when it could have won him an early release from prison. Still, everything he said showed a dislike for Jesse. In 1883, he told a reporter, “There was just as much difference between Frank and Jesse as one could imagine. The former would bear acquaintance while the latter would not.” He thought, “Frank would have gladly settled down and led a different life if he had been allowed to do so. Frank James was always quiet and gentlemanly, while Jesse was inclined to be quarrelsome.”

Jim Younger

Jim Younger joined Quantrill’s band after his father’s death and rode into Kentucky with him. He was captured and sent to the Alton prison until his release in 1866.

 

John Younger was a dashing “young ladies’ man” who seemed to attract trouble. He fought with Quantrill and General Joe Shelby during the war. He killed his first man, an ex-soldier, in 1866 but got off when it was ruled self-defense. Then, in 1873, he killed Sheriff S. W. Nichols of Dallas County while being served an arrest warrant for attempted murder. Afterward, John stole a horse and escaped to California.

 

Later, on his way back to Missouri, John got into a gunfight with a Pinkerton detective and jumped off the train to make good his escape. He walked most of the way back to Missouri and joined his brothers in the James-Younger Gang. Whether he took part in any of their robberies is questionable, as he joined the gang in late 1873 and died the following year.

Bob Younger contracted tuberculosis and died in prison on September 16, 1889. Cole and Jim Younger received paroles from Stillwater prison on July 10, 1901. They had spent nearly twenty-five years in lockup. Jim Younger committed suicide over a girl at the Reardon Hotel in St. Paul, Minnesota, in October 1902. He wanted to marry her, but as a parolee, he needed permission from the state, and they refused to give it.

 

Cole Younger passed on in March 1916 at 72. Before he died, he told his life story in his 1903 book, The Story of Cole Younger. Forty years after the Northfield raid, Cole held tight to his original story that Jesse and Frank James did not ride with the Youngers that day. He insisted that the two men who got away were named Howard and Woods.

 

The James family wasn’t as well off as the Youngers, but life was good for Frank and Jesse growing up. Their father, Reverend Robert James, married their mother, Zerelda Cole, in Kentucky. Early in 1841, the preacher moved his family to Clay County, Missouri, where he farmed and established a Baptist church at New Hope.

 

Robert James caught the “gold fever” in 1850 and traveled cross-country to California. Most biographers say the preacher left to escape his wife. Zerelda James was a stern disciplinarian who took pleasure bossing him around, so life in the gold fields might have been preferable to another day at home. From all accounts, Zerelda James was “masculine in appearance.” She had a “violent temper,” and her large appearance “inspired fear.” Unfortunately, Robert James enjoyed little time away from his wife. He got sick and died shortly after arriving in California. Zerelda married Benjamin Simms in 1852. After his death, she married Dr. Reuben Samuels in 1857.

 

In Outlaws of the Border, Jay Donald portrayed young Frank and Jesse as psychopaths or future serial killers, saying they “tortured dumb animals, cut off the ears and tails of dogs and cats, and indulged in promiscuous wickedness.” But that’s just a story he told to make the brothers more ferocious than they were. Most accounts said the boys grew up happy and got along well with their stepfather. They played with friends and learned to shoot shotguns their stepfather gave them at an early age.

Frank James

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the family sided with the South. Frank Jamesjoined the Confederate army in 1861 and fought under General Sterling Price and Governor Jackson at Wilson’s Creek. Other members of his command were Cole Younger and William Clarke Quantrill.

 

When the Confederate army pulled out, Frank contracted measles and was left in a hotel. He was captured by Union troops and paroled on the condition that he wouldn’t fight anymore. Years later, General William R. Penick said he paroled Frank James into the custody of Mrs. Samuels after he took the oath of allegiance to the Union. Another condition was that Mrs. Samuels would fly the Stars and Stripes over her home in Clay County.

 

While Frank was recuperating, Price’s army fought another battle at Lexington, Missouri. Shortly after that, Quantrill formed a band of raiders, recruiting Frank James, Cole Younger, and Jim Cummins. The three men were with Quantrill when he rode into Lawrence, Kansas, on August 21, 1863. When the day was over, the raiders killed nearly one hundred and fifty people and burned most of the town. After the raid, Quantrill took his band to Texas, where it splintered into smaller groups. Frank James and Cole Younger joined Bloody Bill Anderson and returned to Missouri.

 

Unfortunately, Frank was identified as one of Quantrill’s bushwhackers. In 1863, a group of Union soldiers visited the Samuels farm near Kearney, Missouri, looking for him. When Dr. Samuels refused to tell where he was, the soldiers slipped a noose around the doctor’s neck and dangled him from a nearby branch. Zerelda James cut him down and revived him, but it was a close call, one the family would remember. 

 

While Zerelda was saving her husband, the soldiers beat and kicked sixteen-year-old Jesse. Not long after that, Jesse ran off and joined Bloody Bill Anderson’s raiders. Jesse and Frank took part in many of the gang’s border raids, including the attack on Centralia, Kansas, in the fall of 1864.

 

After the Centralia raid, Jesse and Frank were identified as guerrillas. One result was that Union soldiers forced the Samuels to leave Clay County, so they moved to the Nebraska Territory.

 

In the winter of 1864-65, Jesse rode to Texas with George Shepherd. When Jesse returned to Missouri, he was shot in the chest by Union troops while riding into Lexington to surrender. He went to his parent’s home in Rulo, Nebraska, to recuperate, then to his aunt’s house in Kentucky. While there, Jesse’s cousin Zee Mimms nursed him. They fell in love and married nine years later, on April 24, 1874. His brother, Frank James, married Annie Ralston later that year.

Bob Ford

Bob Ford shot and killed Jesse James in April 1882. Frank surrendered to Missouri Governor Thomas Crittenden on October 4, 1882. The story is he appeared at the state capitol with James Newman Edwards and handed his gun belt to the governor, saying, “Governor Crittenden, I want to hand over to you that which no living man except myself has been permitted to touch since 1861.”

 

Fortunately for Frank, the political climate in Missouri changed after Jesse’s death. Governor Crittenden refused to extradite Frank to Minnesota for his part in the Northfield robbery. Instead, he was tried several times in Missouri but was never convicted. Eventually, Frank James walked away a free man. After his fourth trial, Governor John Sappington Marmaduke pardoned him for all crimes committed in Missouri, advising him to lie low and not attract attention to himself.

 

Frank remained close-mouthed about his time with the gang, never admitting that he took part in any robberies attributed to the James-Younger Gang. However, reporters got him to talk about some of the old boys a few times.

 

In an 1882 interview with the Kansas City Star, Frank said Jesse never trusted Bob Ford. “He loved Charley, but always suspected Bob of treachery.” Dick Liddil lived with him for a while in Nashville and was a “right good, industrious young chap.” Frank liked Jim Cummins but described him as “an apprehensive, nervous type of chap who feared the worst.” In April 1881, Cummins threw a scare into Jesse and Frank. He started acting squirrely and nervous, and they watched him closely, wondering if he meant to turn them in. When Cummins was arrested not long after that, Frank and Jesse left Nashville, just in case Cummins was tempted to trade them for freedom.

 

Frank had little to say about Jesse other than that he loved horses and spent much of his time at the races. Jesse owned several “fine horses,” including Jim Malone, who won races in St. Louis, Louisville, and Atlanta.

 

Frank James died in 1915, never admitting he took part in the Northfield raid.

Zerelda Samuels

While not technically a gang member, Zerelda Samuels ferociously guarded her boys’ reputations. She was 58 when Jesse died. In an 1879 interview with Marshal Liggett, she told him Frank was dead, saying, “I’m thankful he died a natural death.” Of course, she knew he was alive, but like Jesse, Zerelda Samuels was a master of deception, doing whatever she could to deflect trouble from her boys or to cast them as victims of the war.

In another interview in 1876, she pointed to the stump of her arm blown off in a midnight attack on her home. “With all the crimes charged against the James brothers,” she said, “they have never been accused of such inhuman and cowardly attacks on women and children. I’d rather they rob every bank in Kansas City than commit so dastardly a crime.”

 

In the same interview, she discredited Hobbs Kerry’s confession that Frank and Jesse were involved in the Otterville robbery. “This man Kerry wanted to get out of the scrape by making a confession, and he knew if he charged the affair on the James boys, he would be believed because they were suspected. They have been accused of every robbery that has occurred in the country since the war.”

 

It wasn’t the first time Zerelda Samuels defended her boys. Every time Frank and Jesse were accused of robbing a bank or train, she made the trip to the sheriff’s office to alibi them and explain why they couldn’t have done it.

 

A reporter from the Cincinnati Enquirer interviewed Zerelda Samuels in 1881. He found her to be a remarkable woman with gray hair, “quite white.” Her eyes were steely-blue like Jesse’s, her face long and oval, “with a determined expression around the mouth.” She stood six feet tall and weighed 175 pounds.

 

Arthur McCoy stood five feet eleven, weighed about 175 pounds, all muscle, and was ruggedly good-looking. McCoy had brown hair, a close-cut black beard, dark hazel eyes, and a dark complexion. One source said he was well-educated, while another claimed he was illiterate, so it’s sort of a coin toss whom you believe.

Before the war, he worked as a painter in St. Louis. When  the Civil War started, McCoy sided with the South and served as a spy and a bushwhacker. After the war, he joined the James-Younger Gang, robbing trains and banks.

 

Author J. T. Buell had nothing but respect for McCoy’s courage. “His bravery, which is absolute, is a sort of second nature the result, not of pride or the fear of being called a coward, but of a fierce insensibility to danger, and the total recklessness of personal hazard, that gives him nerve under all circumstances. His hand goes to a revolver butt or his knife hilt by an instinct as tiger-like as the aim of his bullet is infallible, or the thrust of his Bowie decisive.”

 

Billy Pinkerton labeled McCoy the “most ferocious” of the James Gang.

 

Like Frank and Jesse James, Arthur McCoy was good with a gun or a knife, and his choice was employed with deadly accuracy. “McCoy has earned the reputation of being the deadliest pistol shot in America on horseback and is no stranger to fear,” reported an article in Fair Play. 

 

McClelland “Clell” Miller stood five feet eight, had dark red hair, blue eyes, and sported a two-week growth of whiskers. He served a short stint with “Bloody” Bill Anderson during the Civil War and was captured in the raid. Anderson was killed on October 26, 1864, and sent to the Gratiot Street Prison in St. Louis.

 

After the war, Miller returned to the family farm in Clay County, Missouri, where the 1870 census listed his occupation as farmer. The next year, he was riding with the James-Younger Gang.

 

Clell Miller was little more than a kid when he was arrested for the Corydon robbery. At his trial for the robbery of the Ocobock Brothers Bank, nine people testified that he was one of the robbers. However, he produced thirty-six witnesses from Clay County who testified he was helping guard a prisoner in Gentryville, Missouri, when the bank was robbed. The jury quickly acquitted him.

 

When the trial was over, the Corydon Liberal blamed Detective R. W. Westfal for the mistaken arrest, calling him a “drunken, worthless, cowardly, bogus United States detective, and scoundrel generally.”

 

Clell Miller died in the Northfield raid, but his spirit lived on. Dr. Henry Wheeler claimed Miller’s body after his death and displayed the skeleton in his medical office. When he retired in 1923, Wheeler donated the skeleton to the Odd Fellows Society in Grand Forks, North Dakota. When the Odd Fellows disbanded in the 1980s, an unidentified collector purchased the skeleton. Its whereabouts are currently unknown.

 

Charlie Pitts (real name Samuel Wells) was born into crime and rebellion. Pitts’ father died in the battle of White Oak Creek on August 18, 1862, and George Shepherd, another member of the James-Younger Gang, was his cousin.

 

His older brother, Charles Edwin Wells, was a Confederate soldier and fought in the Lawrence, Kansas, raid. After the war, Charles Edwin Wells settled in Kansas and led a normal life. Charlie Pitts chose a different course. He couldn’t get over the war and sought revenge for how it tore his family apart, so he became an outlaw, still fighting it.

 

William “Bud” McDaniels stood “considerably over six feet tall,” weighed 165 pounds, had round shoulders, and a wiry, muscular frame. He rarely spoke unless spoken to and was gentle almost to the point of effeminacy. Like his brother, Thompson McDaniels, William was a Bushwhacker during the Civil War and gravitated to outlaw life after the war’s end.

 

Thompson “Charley” McDaniels joined the Confederate army when he was fourteen or fifteen, fighting under General Joseph Shelby. His father, Thompson McDaniels Sr., told reporters his sons were good friends with the James and Younger boys but didn’t believe they rode with them.

McDaniels was 25, stood six feet tall, and had dark, wavy, close-cropped hair. He had a small scar on his chin and three buckshot wounds in his chest about six or seven inches apart. He was playful and friendly as a youth, but the war changed him.

 

McDaniels had been arrested for horse theft in 1867. He got off by turning state’s evidence on his partners. After that, McDaniels shot an old man in Lafayette County and killed another in Texas. Then he drifted into a life of crime with the Jameses and Youngers.

Jim Cummins, the last surviving member of the James-Younger Gang, died in 1929 at the Confederate Soldiers’ Home in Higginsville, Missouri. He stood six feet three and had blue eyes. His life had been entangled with Jesse and Frank James since the war.

 

Cummins fought with Bloody Bill Anderson from the spring of 1862 until Archie Clement took over the outfit when he was killed. He described Anderson as a “desperate man and a reckless fighter” who always stood up for Clay County boys.

 

Cummins said Jesse James, Quantrill, and Cole Younger “fought like devils” at Lawrence. “We took no prisoners and gave no quarter.” He saw “Bill Anderson in the dust and smoke fighting and cursing louder than any man I ever heard.” Frank James took cover at every opportunity, ensuring to keep out of danger.

 

Cummins said Quantrill was well educated, had a great personality, was handsome, and “looked more like a minister than an outlaw.” He was fierce in battle and “did not know what fear was, and in action, he had a heart like stone.”

 

“[Bill] Anderson was the most desperate man alive,” said Cummins. “He could shoot a man who was on his knees begging for mercy as easy as most men killed a chicken.”

 

For some reason, Jim Cummins held a grudge against Frank James. He called Frank a “sneaking devil, not to be trusted, who would steal from his best friend, who would betray his own pals, and was a coward. Frank James could not be trusted under any situation. His word was absolutely no good. He would steal from his best friends, and no one was safe around him.”

 

Unfortunately, Cummins wasn’t always the most reliable narrator. He claimed to have ridden with the gang at Northfield, but Cole Younger said he wasn’t there. Besides, all the robbers were accounted for in the aftermath, so Cummins was likely spouting BS.

 

At Frank James’s trial, it was disclosed Cummins took part in the Muncie train robbery. When Jesse rebuilt the gang after the Northfield raid, it is believed he had a part in the Glendale, Winston, and Blue Cut robberies.

 

Finally, Cummins’s sister married Bob Ford, who killed Jesse James, making people suspect he might have been in on it. Because of that, Cummins was forced to lie low for a while after Jesse’s death. In his old age, Cummins wrote two books recounting his adventures in the Civil War and riding with the James-Younger Gang.

Dick Liddil

James Andrew Liddil, better known as Dick Liddil or Dick Little, served a three-year term in the penitentiary in 1877 for horse theft. He met Frank and Jesse in 1870, joined the James Gang in 1879, and was in on the Glendale, Blue Cut, and Winston robberies.

 

After Jesse’s death, Liddil accompanied Sheriff Timberlake to identify the body. “If this is Jesse,” he said, “you will find two wounds here in his right side, and one in the right thigh, here,” each time pointing to the location. When they finished identifying the body, Liddil said, “I would know his hide in a tanyard. It is Jesse James.”

 

After the gang broke up, Liddil had some success racing horses on the East Coast. He was arrested in 1891 for the murder of Wood Hite, but beat the charges. He returned to horse racing, dying of a heart attack that same year.

 

Bill Ryan (alias Tom Hill) got arrested at the Seven Mile House on the White’s Creek Pike near Nashville early in April 1881. He’d stopped there during a rainstorm, started drinking, then shot off his mouth, boasting, “He was an outlaw against the state, county, and the United States government..” Unknown to him, the bartender, W. L. Earthman, was an ex-police officer and justice of the peace.

 

Earthman let Ryan talk just long enough to convict himself, then took him prisoner. Hill had $1400 and several pistols on his person and was quickly connected to the Muscle Shoals’ payroll robbery on March 11.

 

At the preliminary hearing, A. G. Smith testified his employer at the Muscle Shoals Canal gave him a check for $5290.18. He cashed it at the Bank of Campbell & Coat in Florence early on March 11. 

 

Later that day, three men stopped him about fifteen miles outside Florence on his way back to the canal. They took all the money except the $21 in his vest pocket and his gold watch. They said he could keep it. Afterward, they forced Smith to ride with them for about sixteen miles, then once it started getting dark, they turned him loose.

 

A few months later, authorities learned that Tom Hill was actually Bill Ryan, wanted in Missouri as a member of the James Gang. He had taken part in several of the gang’s jobs, including the Glendale train robbery, the Mammoth Cave stagecoach, and the Mercer, Kentucky payroll robberies in 1880.

 

Ryan was extradited to Missouri in June 1881 and sentenced to twenty-five years for the robbery of the Chicago & Alton train at Glendale, based primarily on evidence given by Tucker Bassham. Bassham had been sentenced to ten years for his part in the Glendale robbery, then turned state’s evidence for a pardon.

 

Afterward, Ryan said that he’d been drinking heavily. If he’d been sober, “it would have cost more than one life to take him.”

 

Daniel “Tucker” Bassham was a “one-timer” with the James Gang. He said Bill Ryan stopped by his house in early April when he was plowing the field and said, “Damn it all, why do you do that? Let’s go knock a train off the Pacific track.” Bassham declined, and Ryan went away. Ryan came back in early October with Ed Miller. They had Bassham go down behind the barn, and Miller told him, “We are going to rob a train, and Ryan says you have to go as he has given the thing away to you.” He said, “No.” But Miller said, “Jesse James said you must go.” Bassham shook his head, but he didn’t have a choice.

 

They met at Sever School House the next day and set off to rob the Glendale train. A few minutes later, Jesse James walked over, shook his hand, and said, “He was glad to see me.”

 

After that, Bassham did what he was told. When it was over, Jesse told him to go home and work. No one would suspect him as long as he was careful about how he spent his money. The important thing was to never carry more than $15.

 

Of course, he got caught, admitted everything, and was sentenced to ten years. When Bill Ryan was caught in Alabama, the prosecutor offered him a pardon for turning state’s evidence. Bassham took the deal, disclosing the details of the robbery, and named everyone involved. He said the robbers were Jesse James, Ed Miller, Bill Ryan, Dick Liddil, Charles Underwood, and a man named Bob (no last name).

 

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