The gunboat St. Louis, launched on October 12, 1861, was one of seven Cairo-class
gunboats built to carry the war onto the western rivers.
With 13 guns and a draft of just six feet, it
brought heavy firepower into waterways that larger warships couldn’t reach. It
initially operated under Army control, with naval officers commanding it.
In February 1862, the St. Louis helped capture
Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. Days later, it carried Flag Officer Andrew
H. Foote into the attack on Fort Donelson. Confederate gunners hit it 59 times
and disabled it. Its armor offered protection, but it wasn’t invincible.
The gunboats had an advantage at Fort Henry. It
stood on low ground, and rising river water had flooded part of it. Foote’s
vessels could fire straight into the defenses. The bombardment forced the
fort’s surrender before General Grant’s infantry arrived.
Fort Donelson was a different fight. Its batteries
stood high above the Cumberland River, giving Confederate gunners a commanding
view of the approaching boats. On February 14, they battered Foote’s squadron
during a ninety-minute exchange. Foote was wounded, and the gunboats withdrew.
Grant’s army continued the fight ashore and captured the fort on February 16.



