Andrew Jackson And The First Seminole War

 

Map showing Andrew Jackson's campaign againt the Seminole in 1818

Andrew Jackson came home from New Orleans a hero. He’d beaten the British, saved the city, and given Americans something to celebrate after a war that hadn’t gone particularly well.

 

But Jackson wasn’t finished with the army. He remained a major general, commanding American troops across much of the South. There were forts to maintain, soldiers to move around, and plenty of trouble brewing along the frontier.

 

He’d become one of the best-known men in the country. Newspapers praised him, crowds turned out to see him, and politicians talked about his future.

 

Jackson didn’t have time to think about retiring. The problems along the southern border weren’t going away.

 

One of those problems was Florida.

 

In 1818, Florida belonged to Spain. The Spanish had forts at St. Marks and Pensacola, but not enough soldiers to control much of the country.

 

That left plenty of room for trouble.

 

Seminole Indians lived in northern Florida, along with Creek families who’d fled south after Jackson defeated the Red Sticks in 1814. There were also Black communities, including people who’d escaped slavery in Georgia and other southern states.

Andrew Jackson And The First Creek War

 

Andrew Jackson was still recovering when he took command of the Tennessee troops sent against the Creek Indians.

 

The Creek Nation occupied much of present-day Alabama and Georgia, land American settlers wanted badly. Some Creek leaders favored peace with the United States. Others believed the Americans would keep taking land until nothing was left.

 

By March 1814, Jackson had been chasing the Red Stick Creeks through Alabama for months. His men were tired, hungry, and ready to finish the job.

 

The trouble had started the previous summer. The Creek Nation was split over what to do about American settlers moving onto its land. Some Creek leaders wanted peace. Others wanted to fight.

 

The Red Sticks attacked Fort Mims in August 1813, killing hundreds of people, including women and children. The massacre frightened settlers throughout the South and brought Tennessee troops into the fight.

 

Jackson took command, but getting his army into the field was a battle of its own. Supplies ran short; the roads were miserable, and volunteers kept threatening to go home. More than once, he had to deal with angry, mutinous soldiers.

Battle of Savage's Station Civil War

 

Battlefield at Savage's Station (Based on Century Magazine drawing. 1888)

Saturday night, June 28, found the entire Army of the Potomac on the move.

Generals Franklin, Sumner, and Keyes received orders to move all their supplies to Savage’s Station; they were to destroy what they couldn’t move. The wounded soldiers at Savage’s Station who could walk marched to Carter’s Station on the James River. Those who couldn’t walk, they loaded on to ambulances. When the army ran out of space on the ambulances, the remainder of the wounded were left behind to be taken, prisoner.

Four entire carloads of ammunition for the siege guns were sent up from the depots at the White House, then run into the Chickahominy and destroyed. The army burned vast quantities of supplies at Fair Oaks and a smaller amount at Savage’s Station. 

General McClellan struck his tent at 3 AM and started for Charles City. He rode off to Malvern Hill to choose a new base for his army, putting no one in charge or leaving orders about continuing the march. This would cause continued confusion throughout the remainder of the campaign.

Generals Smith, Sumner, Keyes, and Heintzelman set their troops in motion at daybreak. By noon, the main body of the army arrived at Charles City, some 10 to 15 miles from the James River. 

Battle of Oak Grove, Opening of the Seven Days Battles

General George McClellan

June 25 found the Army of the Potomac fighting General Joseph Johnston south of the Chickahominy, just six miles outside of Richmond in what would be the first of the Seven Days Battles—at the Battle of Oak Grove, also known as King’s School House. 

The Seven Days Battles occurred during a time of flux for both armies. Robert E. Lee found himself at the head of three disparate armies. He had just assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia less than a month before engaging McClellan in the Seven Days Campaign. General John B. Magruder’s force, formerly the Army of the Peninsula, merged with Lee’s army, and Stonewall Jackson’s command joined Lee for the campaign.

Worse still, Lee had no experience commanding such a large force. For him, the Seven Days Battles served as a training ground. The first day at Oak Grove was bumpy at best, but Lee learned quickly and soon found himself driving McClellan back.

When Robert E. Lee assumed command of the Army of Northern Virginia, his men nicknamed him “Granny Lee” because he concentrated all his efforts on defending Richmond rather than attacking the enemy. That would soon change. Although it didn’t look like it, Lee had a plan.

“The intention of the enemy seemed to be to attack Richmond by regular approaches,” said Lee. “The strength of his left-wing rendered a direct assault injudicious, if not impracticable,” so... I “determined to construct defensive lines, so as to enable a part of the army to defend the city and the other part free to cross the Chickahominy and operate on the north bank. By sweeping down the river on that side and threatening his communications with York River, it was thought that the enemy would be compelled to retreat or give battle out of his entrenchments.”

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Battle of Malvern Hill Civil War

 

A Union cannon battery firing at Malvern Hill

The last action of the Seven Days Battles took place at Malvern Hill on Tuesday, July 1st, 1862.

No one could fault McClellan for making his stand at Malvern Hill. It was a strong position. “Malvern Hill...is a lofty bluff, unapproachable, almost impregnable on the riverside and the declivity looking down the swamp,” wrote General Fitz-John Porter. Just outside the opening were woodlands and plantations along Turkey Creek. One soldier was overheard saying, “Satan himself couldn’t whip us out of this.”

It was a safe position and still close enough to Richmond should the opportunity to attack present itself again. Richmond sat seventeen miles away if you followed along the river. Fort Darling rested on the opposite side of the river, some ten miles distant.

Fitz-John Porter moved his army to Malvern Hill overnight on June 29th. His chief artillery officer—Colonel Henry Hunt, placed his artillery on a high spot overlooking the north bank of Turkey Creek, about one mile south of Crews Hill, where he could cover the army’s trains during their withdrawal to Harrison’s Landing. 

“The position was better adapted for a defensive battle than any with which we had been favored,” said Porter. “It was elevated and more or less protected on each flank by small streams or swamps.” The enemy had to crawl through dense, tangled marshes to attack him from the front. Getting infantry through the woods and marshes would be tough—moving artillery through them would be damn near impossible.

The roads from Richmond over which the rebels would have to pass ran directly in front of Crew Hill. Hunt positioned his reserve artillery on the hills above, where he could easily rake the clearing within a thousand yards. 

Life in Tidewater Virginia

 

(Based on a map of Tidewater Virgina published in Harper's Monthly Magazine. 1896)

If you had money in early Virginia, you wanted a river out front and tobacco out back. Throw in a boat landing, and you were in business. Nobody wanted to drag a load of tobacco through ten miles of mud if a ship could come collect it.

 

That was Tidewater. Low country, stretching from the Atlantic and Chesapeake Bay inland to the falls near Richmond and Fredericksburg. The James, York, Rappahannock, and Potomac ran through it, with creeks branching off all over the place.

 

You could wave at your neighbor across the water. Getting to his house by road was another matter. Better take a boat unless you had most of the day to kill.

 

Native Virginians knew those waterways long before the English arrived. They farmed, fished, and got around by canoe. The newcomers took their land and brought war, but communities like the Pamunkey and Mattaponi held on.

 

By the early 1700s, everybody wanted tobacco money. Grow it, dry it, pack it into wooden barrels called hogsheads, and send it overseas. Ships came back with tools, cloth, dishes, and a fresh batch of things to spend money on.